Implementation strategies for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews

Article type
Authors
Pantoja T1, Opiyo N2, Ciapponi A3, Dudley L4, Gagnon M5, Herrera CA6, Lewin S7, Garcia Marti S8, Oxman AD7, Paulsen E7, Peñaloza B1, Rada G9, Volmink J10, Wiysonge CS11
1Department of Family Medicine, Evidence Based Health Care Program, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
2Child and Newborn Health Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
3Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, IECS, Argentina
4Division of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
5Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CRCHUQ), Hôpital St-François d'Assise, Québec, Canada
6Department of Public Health, Evidence Based Health Care Program, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
7Global Health Unit, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
8Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria - IECS, Argentina
9Department of Internal Medicine, Evidence Based Health Care Program, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
10Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
11Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
Abstract
Background:
This is one of four overviews of systematic reviews (SRs) of strategies for improving health systems in low-income countries (LIC) for delivery, financial and governance arrangements and implementation strategies.

Objectives:
- Provide a broad overview of what is known about the effects of implementation strategies (Table 1) for health systems in LIC based on the findings of up-to-date SRs.
- Identify needs and priorities for SRs and evaluations of alternative implementation strategies.

Methods:
We included SRs that:
-have a methods section, explicit selection criteria and not important limitations affecting the reliability of its findings;
-assess the effects of implementation strategies;
-report any of the following types of outcomes: patient outcomes, the quality or utilisation of healthcare services, resource use, healthcare provider outcomes, or social outcomes;
-were published within the past 10 years;
-are relevant to LIC (or lower-middle-income according to the World Bank classification).
In March 2013 we screened SRs in PDQ-Evidence (www.pdq-evidence.org), a database of SR about health systems. Two authors independently screened titles/abstracts to identify eligible SRs (AO & SL screened the titles and abstracts that could not be confidently included/excluded after the first screening). One author screened the focused searches described above. One author applied the selection criteria to the full text of potentially eligible SRs and assessed the reliability of SRs (using SUPPORT and SURE collaborations tools) that met all of the other selection criteria (these judgments were checked independently by AO or SL). The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. We summarised SRs using an approach developed by the SUPPORT Collaboration (www.supportsummaries.org) that includes the preparation of 'Summary of findings' tables for the main comparisons in each SR. SUPPORT Summaries are peer-reviewed and published on SUPPORT open access website.

Results:
We included 34 SRs, extracted and summarized key messages from those reviews, identified needs for new/updated SRs and identified needs for new studies.