Development of an IDEAL-Rehab Framework to Guide Study Design and Conduct Evaluations of Rehabilitation Interventions

Article type
Authors
Shearer H1, Negrini S2, Páez A3, Lazzarini S4, Kiekens C5, Gross D6, Arienti C4, Donzelli S7, Ferriero G8, Wong J9, Côté P10
1Research & Innovation, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada
2Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University "La Statale", Milan, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
3IDEAL Collaboration, University of Oxford, Oxford, England; School of Clinical and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
4IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
5IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Cochrane Rehabilitation, Italy
6Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
7National Scoliosis Center, Fairfax, Virginia, USA; University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
8Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; Unit of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy
9Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada; Division of Graduate Studies, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Canada
10Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada
Abstract
"Background: There is an increasing need for rehabilitation research. Rehabilitation interventions are distinct from other healthcare interventions (i.e., pharmaceuticals), because they are complex and multimodal, tailored to patients’ needs and involve diverse practitioners. It is therefore difficult to develop rehabilitation interventions and rigorously test them in research. To date, we lack a framework to guide their development.

Objectives: To develop a structured framework to guide the development, study and implementation of interventions for rehabilitation. A framework for rehabilitation research that builds on sequential steps will allow researchers to develop theoretically and clinically sound interventions and test them in a methodologically rigorous manner. Using the framework may improve rehabilitation research outcomes and prevent research waste.

Methods: We propose adapting the Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment and Long-term follow-up (IDEAL) for surgical procedures and IDEAL-Physio Frameworks to the discipline-inclusive IDEAL-Rehab Framework to help address unique challenges and opportunities provided by rehabilitation interventions. The Framework has distinct stages: 1) Pre-clinical - defining the procedure and considering feasibility, risks and safety; 2) Idea (I) - proof of concept studies, case reports; 3) Development (D) - with iterative procedural changes, case studies; 4) Exploration (E) - comparative evaluation pilot/feasibility studies; 5) Assessment (A) - comparative effectiveness testing using RCTs, observational designs, target trial emulation; and 6) Long-term Study (L) - adverse event surveillance, registries/databases. The proposed adaptation of the IDEAL Framework was conceptualized by a core team of multi-professional rehabilitation providers and scientists. A larger expert panel, attending the 5th Cochrane Rehabilitation Methodology Meeting in 2023, provided feedback via manuscript review, post-oral presentation, and group discussion. The IDEAL Framework, revised according to rehabilitation implementation and practice expertise, and supplemented with concepts from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) Framework for complex interventions, informed the current iteration of the IDEAL-Rehab Framework (Figure 1).

Conclusions:
Relevance for patients: The IDEAL-Rehab Framework promotes a structured and transparent approach to develop interventions for rehabilitation by testing clinical utility in a progression of study designs. This work is the precursor and impetus to a modified-Delphi study with the objective of developing a final, trans-disciplinary and internationally informed comprehensive IDEAL-Rehab Framework.
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